The transmission of visceral leishmaniasis in the municipality of Guarujá, on the Coast of São Paulo state, Brazil

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE To perform an entomological survey, evaluating the circulation of Leishmania spp. in sand flies captured from the new foci of visceral leishmaniasis (VL) in the coastal region of São Paulo state. METHODS Sand flies were captured from November 2016 to September 2018 using light traps of the Centers for Disease Control (CDC), in the neighborhood where VL cases were reported. Leishmania spp. circulation was evaluated by gut dissection and molecular analysis of the females captured. RESULTS Nyssomyia intermedia was the more frequent species (90,7%) within the 1,203 sand flies captured. We found no flagellates in dissected females, but two pools containing females of Ny. intermedia presented DNA of L. infantum. CONCLUSION Our results suggest that Ny. intermedia might be involved in the establishment of this new VL focus in Sao Paulo. However, before incriminating this species as a L. infantum vector, further studies should investigate other vectorial capacity parameters, including competence, survival, and feeding habits.

Natural infection of Lutzomyia longipalpis (Cembrene-1 population) with Leishmania infantum in a new visceral leishmaniasis focus in the eastern region of São Paulo State, Brazil

Abstract INTRODUCTION Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) transmission has been associated with two different populations of the Lutzomyia longipalpis complex in São Paulo state. METHODS In a recent focus of VL, we captured and dissected sand flies and investigated Leishmania infantum infection by parasitological, PCR, and sequencing analysis. RESULTS Flagellates were observed in 2 of 47 (4.2%) cembrene-1 Lu. longipalpis females. The sequences obtained matched those of Le. infantum. CONCLUSIONS We found that the transmission of Le. infantum by cembrene-1 females may occur at a high rate in this focus of VL and presented new data on the vector capacity of this population.

Vetor ou vetores? Capacidade vetorial e estratégias de controle / Vector or vectors? Vectorial capacity and control strategies

Variáveis relacionadas a fatores epidemiológicos, ao ambiente, ao agente etiológico, ao vetor e aos reservatórios parecem atuar na determinação dos diferentes cenários de transmissão da leishmaniose visceral no Brasil. No estado de São Paulo a leishmaniose visceral (LV) não apresenta um padrão epidemiológico homogêneo por todas suas regiões, parecendo refletir uma multitude de cenários propícios para a ocorrência da transmissão dentro do território Paulista. Lutzomyia longipalpis é composta por um complexo de espécies das quais duas são encontradas no Estado de São Paulo e parecem possuir diferença na capacidade vetorial. É provável que essa diferença seja o fator determinante na caracterização dos diferentes padrões epidemiológicos observados nas diferentes regiões do Estado. No presente estudo, procuramos determinar a distribuição temporal e geográfica das espécies do complexo Lu. longipalpis, dos casos caninos e dos casos humanos de LV como elementos chave para ajudar na caracterização de alguns cenários de transmissão da doença e apontar áreas de maior risco para a aquisição da doença. Por outro lado, a recente e inesperada ocorrência de transmissão da LV em localidades sem a presença da Lu. longipalpis, caracteriza mais um novo cenário, onde a transmissão da Leishmania infantum ao homem se mostrou possível, configurando um novo desafio para as autoridades da saúde pública. (AU)

Variables related to epidemiological factors, etiologic agent, environment, vector and reservoirs seem to act in determining the different scenarios of transmission of visceral leishmaniasis (VL) in Brazil. In the state of São Paulo, VL does not present a homogeneous epidemiological pattern across all its regions, seeming to reflect a multitude of scenarios conducive to the occurrence of transmission within Paulista territory. Lutzomyia longipalpis is composed of a complex of species of which two are found in the state of São Paulo and appear to have a difference in vector capacity. It is likely that this difference is the determining factor in the characterization of the different epidemiological patterns observed in the different regions of the State. In the present study, we sought to determine the temporal and geographic distribution of Lu. longipalpis species, canine cases and human cases of VL as key elements to help characterize some scenarios of transmission of the disease and to indicate areas of greater risk for disease acquisition. The recent and unexpected occurrence of VL transmission in localities without the presence of Lu. longipalpis characterizes another new scenario, where other species of san flies can transmit Leishmania infantum to man and configuring a new challenge for public health authorities. (AU)

Vetor ou vetores? Capacidade vetorial e estratégias de controle / Vector or vectors? Vectorial capacity and control strategies

Variáveis relacionadas a fatores epidemiológicos, ao ambiente, ao agente etiológico, ao vetor e aos reservatórios parecem atuar na determinação dos diferentes cenários de transmissão da leishmaniose visceral no Brasil. No estado de São Paulo a leishmaniose visceral (LV) não apresenta um padrão epidemiológico homogêneo por todas suas regiões, parecendo refletir uma multitude de cenários propícios para a ocorrência da transmissão dentro do território Paulista. Lutzomyia longipalpis é composta por um complexo de espécies das quais duas são encontradas no Estado de São Paulo e parecem possuir diferença na capacidade vetorial. É provável que essa diferença seja o fator determinante na caracterização dos diferentes padrões epidemiológicos observados nas diferentes regiões do Estado. No presente estudo, procuramos determinar a distribuição temporal e geográfica das espécies do complexo Lu. longipalpis, dos casos caninos e dos casos humanos de LV como elementos chave para ajudar na caracterização de alguns cenários de transmissão da doença e apontar áreas de maior risco para a aquisição da doença. Por outro lado, a recente e inesperada ocorrência de transmissão da LV em localidades sem a presença da Lu. longipalpis, caracteriza mais um novo cenário, onde a transmissão da Leishmania infantum ao homem se mostrou possível, configurando um novo desafio para as autoridades da saúde pública.

Variables related to epidemiological factors, etiologic agent, environment, vector and reservoirs seem to act in determining the different scenarios of transmission of visceral leishmaniasis (VL) in Brazil. In the state of São Paulo, VL does not present a homogeneous epidemiological pattern across all its regions, seeming to reflect a multitude of scenarios conducive to the occurrence of transmission within Paulista territory. Lutzomyia longipalpis is composed of a complex of species of which two are found in the state of São Paulo and appear to have a difference in vector capacity. It is likely that this difference is the determining factor in the characterization of the different epidemiological patterns observed in the different regions of the State. In the present study, we sought to determine the temporal and geographic distribution of Lu. longipalpis species, canine cases and human cases of VL as key elements to help characterize some scenarios of transmission of the disease and to indicate areas of greater risk for disease acquisition. The recent and unexpected occurrence of VL transmission in localities without the presence of Lu. longipalpis characterizes another new scenario, where other species of san flies can transmit Leishmania infantum to man and configuring a new challenge for public health authorities.

Maxadilan-simile expression in Nyssomyia neivai, a sandfly vector in an endemic region of Brazil, and its immunogenicity in patients with American tegumentary leishmaniasis

BACKGROUND Maxadilan (Max) is a salivary component in the sandfly Lutzomyia longipalpis (Lutz & Neiva 1912), a vector of visceral leishmaniasis. Max has a powerful vasodilatory effect and is a candidate vaccine that has been tested in experimental leishmaniasis. Nyssomyia neivai (Pinto 1926) is a vector of the pathogen responsible for American tegumentary leishmaniasis (ATL) in Brazil. OBJECTIVE We searched for Max expression in Ny. neivai and for antibodies against Max in ATL patients. METHODS cDNA and protein were extracted from the cephalic segment, including salivary glands, of Ny. neivai and analysed by polymerase chain reaction, DNA sequencing, and blotting assays. The results were compared with data obtained from Lu. longipalpis samples. We quantified antibodies against Max in serum samples from 41 patients with ATL (31 and 10 with the cutaneous and mucocutaneous forms, respectively) and 63 controls from the endemic northeastern region of São Paulo state, using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. FINDINGS Recognition of a Max-simile peptide by specific antibodies confirmed expression of a Max sequence in Ny. neivai (GenBank EF601123.1). Compared to controls, patients with ATL presented higher levels of antibodies against Max (p = 0.004); 24.4% of the patients with ATL and 3.2% of the controls presented anti-Max levels above the cutoff index (p = 0.014). The anti-Max levels were not associated with the specific clinical form of ATL, leishmanin skin test response, absence or presence of amastigotes in histopathologic exam, results of indirect immunofluorescence testing for leishmaniasis, or duration of cutaneous form disease. MAIN CONCLUSION High serum anti-Max levels did not protect patients against ATL, but confirmed previous natural exposure to Ny. neivai bites in this ATL endemic region.

COLONIZATION OF PALM TREES BY Rhodnius neglectus AND HOUSEHOLD AND INVASION IN AN URBAN AREA, ARAÇATUBA, SÃO PAULO STATE, BRAZIL / Colonização de palmeiras por Rhodnius neglectus e invasão domiciliar em área urbana, Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brasil

The objective of this study is to report on the colonization of palm trees by Rhodnius neglectus, its invasion in an urban area, in Araçatuba - São Paulo, and the control and surveillance measures that have been put in place. Domiciliary triatomine searches occurred in apartments upon the inhabitants' notification. The collected insects were identified and examined for natural infection and food sources with a precipitin test. To search the palm trees, tarps were used to cover the floor, and a “Munck” truck equipped with a tree-pruning device was utilized. Chemical control was performed with the utilization of a manual compression. In 2009, 81 specimens of Rhodnius neglectus were collected from the domiciles by the population. The precipitin test revealed a presence of human blood in 2.7% of the samples. Entomological studies were carried out in these domiciles and in those located within a radius of 200 meters. The search performed in the palm trees resulted in the capture of 882 specimens of triatomines, negative for tripanosomatids. Mechanical and chemical controls were carried out. New searches conducted in the palm trees in the same year resulted in the capture of six specimens. The mechanical and chemical controls of the palm trees, together with the population's work, proved to be effective, therefore preventing these insects' colonization of the city's domiciles.

O objetivo deste trabalho é relatar a colonização de palmeiras por Rhodnius neglectus, sua invasão em área urbana, na cidade de Araçatuba - São Paulo, o controle e as medidas de vigilância instituídas. As pesquisas de triatomíneos nos domicílios ocorreram nos apartamentos quando da notificação pelo morador. Os insetos coletados foram identificados, examinados quanto à infecção natural e teste de precipitina. Na pesquisa das palmeiras foram utilizados lonas para forração do chão e caminhão Munck equipado com moto poda. O controle químico foi realizado com a utilização de compressor manual. No ano de 2009, foram coletados pela população 81 exemplares de Rhodnius neglectus em domicílios. O teste de precipitina acusou presença de sangue humano em 2,7% das amostras. Pesquisas entomológicas foram realizadas nestas edificações e naquelas situadas em um raio de 200 metros onde ocorreram as invasões. A pesquisa realizada nas palmeiras resultou na captura de 882 exemplares de triatomíneos, negativos para tripanosomatídeos. Foi realizado controle mecânico e químico. Novas pesquisas realizadas nas palmeiras avaliadas no mesmo ano resultaram na coleta de seis exemplares. Os controles mecânicos e químicos das palmeiras aliado ao trabalho de participação popular mostraram-se factíveis impedindo a colonização destes insetos nos domicílios da cidade.

Spatial and seasonal distribution of Lutzomyia longipalpis in Dracena, a city in the western region of the State of São Paulo, Brazil, that is endemic with visceral leishmaniasis

Introduction Vector seasonality knowledge is important for monitoring and controlling of vector-borne diseases. Lutzomyia longipalpis (Lu. longipalpis) is the main vector of Leishmania (Leishmania) infantum Nicolle, 1908, which is the causative agent of visceral leishmaniasis in the Americas. Methods Lu. longipalpis was monitored for 3 consecutive nights each month using light traps from the Centers for Disease Control in the peridomiciles and intradomiciles of 18 residences from January 2005 to December 2012 in the urban area of Dracena, a medium-sized city located in the western region of São Paulo, Brazil. Results A total of 54,820 Lu. longipalpis specimens were collected, and the proportion of positive samples was significantly higher in the peridomiciles than in the intradomiciles (p<0.05) in all 8 years of the study, except for 2005. The vector was present in all study years in the 9 sub-regions of the city, and the male/female ratio ranged from 3.19 to 4.26. The greatest vector abundance occurred in the first semester and peaked in March, confirming its seasonality. Conclusions The maintenance of this high abundance over an 8-year surveillance period demonstrates the vector adaptation to the urban conditions of the city. These characteristics present a major challenge for preventing human and canine contact with the vector and, consequently, controlling the spread of disease. .

Type of light i sand fly captures (diptera: psychodidae) / Tipo de luz en la captura de flebotominos (Diptera: Psychodidae)

The number of visceral leishmaniasis cases has been gradually increasing in Brazil. One of the strategies to reduce the disease transmission is based on vector control. It is therefore of great epidemiological importance to develop more refined methods for monitoring and controlling its vectors, which are the phlebotomine sand flies. The present study evaluates the performance of traps using UV light or conventional incandescent, or white, light in sand flies captures. Traps baited with UV light caught higher numbers of sand flies than traps baited with white light, indicating the potential use of UV light, especially in locations of low sand flies densities.

El número de casos de leishmaniasis visceral en Brasil ha ido en aumento, y una de las estrategias para reducir la transmisión de esta enfermedad tiene como base el control de sus vectores. Por tanto, es de gran importancia epidemiológica desarrollar métodos más refinados para monitorear y controlar sus vectores, que son los flebotominos. El presente estudio compara la atracción ejercida por la luz UV en comparación con luz incandescente convencional, o luz blanca, en la captura de flebotominos. Las trampas adaptadas con luz UV capturaron un mayor número de mosquitos que las trampas adaptadas con luz blanca, lo que indica el uso potencial de la luz ultravioleta, especialmente en las localidades de baja densidad de flebotominos.

Sandfly fauna in an area endemic for visceral leishmaniasis in Aracaju, State of Sergipe, Northeast Brazil / Fauna flebotomínica em área endêmica de leishmaniose visceral em Aracaju, Estado de Sergipe, Nordeste do Bras

INTRODUCTION: In recent years, visceral leishmaniasis, a major public health problem, has been spreading from the rural to urban areas in many areas of Brazil, including Aracaju, the capital of the State of Sergipe. However, there are no studies of the sandfly fauna in this municipality or its variation over the year. METHODS: Phlebotomine sandflies were collected from a rural area of Aracaju from September 2007 to July 2009. Modified CDC ultra-violet (UV) light traps were used to evaluate sandfly monthly distribution and their presence in the domestic and peridomestic environments. RESULTS: The most abundant species was Lutzomyia longipalpis (90.4%) followed by Evandromyia lenti (9.6%). A chicken shed trap site had the highest proportion of L. longipalpis (51.1%) and large numbers of L. longipalpis were also collected in the houses closest to the chicken shed. There was a positive correlation between monthly rainfall and L. longipalpis abundance. CONCLUSIONS: Lutzomyia longipalpis is the most abundant species and is probably the main vector of the visceral leishmaniasis agent in the rural area of Aracaju. An increase in L. longipalpis frequency was observed during the rainy season. The peridomicile-intradomicile observations corroborate the importance of chicken sheds for the presence of L. longipalpis in the peridomestic environment. The great numbers of L. longipalpis inside the houses confirm the endophilic behaviour of this species and the possibility of visceral transmission in the intradomicile.

INTRODUÇÃO: Nos últimos anos, a leishmaniose visceral, um importante problema de saúde pública, vem apresentando expansão das áreas rurais para as urbanas de muitas regiões do Brasil, incluindo-se Aracaju, capital do Estado de Sergipe. No entanto, não existem estudos sobre a fauna de flebotomíneos presente nesse município ou de sua distribuição ao longo do ano. MÉTODOS: As coletas de flebotomíneos foram realizadas em uma área rural de Aracaju, capital do Estado de Sergipe no periodo de setembro de 2007 a julho de 2009. Armadilhas CDC modificadas acopladas com luz ultravioleta (UV) foram utilizadas para avaliar a distribuição mensal e a presença de flebotomíneos nos ambientes doméstico e peridoméstico. RESULTADOS: Lutzomyia longipalpis foi a espécie mais abundante (90,4%), seguida por Evandromyia lenti (9,6%). Os locais com as maiores quantidades de L. longipalpis (51,1%) foram um galinheiro e as casas mais próximas a ele. Houve uma correlação positiva entre a precipitação mensal e a abundância de L. longipalpis. CONCLUSÕES: Lutzomyia longipalpis é a espécie mais abundante e, provavelmente, o principal vetor do agente da leishmaniose visceral na área rural de Aracaju. Foi observado um aumento na frequência de L. longipalpis nos meses chuvosos. As coletas realizadas no ambiente externo e interno dos domicílios reforçam a relevância dos galinheiros para a presença de L. longipalpis no ambiente peridoméstico. O grande número de L. longipalpis dentro das casas confirma o comportamento endofílico dessa espécie e a possibilidade de transmissão intradomiciliar da leishmaniose visceral.

Análise da fonte alimentar de Panstrongylus megistus (Hemiptera, Reduviidae, Triatominae) e sua atual importância como vetor do Trypanosoma cruzi, no Estado de Minas Gerais / Analysis on the food source of Panstrongylus megistus (Hemiptera, Reduviidae, Triatominae) and its present importance as a vector for Trypanosoma cruzi, in the State of Minas Gerais

INTRODUÇÃO: A pesquisa da fonte alimentar dos triatomíneos auxilia no conhecimento sobre a biologia destes insetos, inclusive para inferir-se a importância dos mesmos como transmissores do Trypanosoma cruzi ao homem. MÉTODOS: O presente estudo objetivou registrar, através da reação de precipitina, a fonte alimentar de triatomíneos provenientes de 54 municípios da região centro-oeste de Minas Gerais, assim como a infecção natural destes para flagelados semelhantes ao Trypanosoma cruzi. RESULTADOS: De julho de 2003 até março de 2007, foram avaliados 416 insetos, todos da espécie Panstrongylus megistus. Somando-se as ocorrências, as aves (70 por cento) e os humanos (22,5 por cento) constituíram as principais fontes sanguíneas. Encontrou-se 16 (3,8 por cento) insetos positivos para flagelados semelhantes ao Trypanosoma cruzi sendo que oito realizaram hematofagia no homem. CONCLUSÕES: Os resultados demonstram necessidade de acentuar a vigilância entomológica na região, visto que foi detectada a possibilidade de ocorrência de novos casos da doença de Chagas através da transmissão vetorial.

INTRODUCTION: Investigation of the food source of triatomines helps in understanding the biology of these insects, and also helps to infer their importance in transmitting Trypanosoma cruzi to humans. METHODS: The present study aimed to use the precipitin reaction to record the food source of triatomines from 54 municipalities in the central-western region of the State of Minas Gerais, as well as their natural infection by flagellates similar to Trypanosoma cruzi. RESULTS: From July 2003 to March 2007, 416 insects were evaluated, all from the species Panstrongylus megistus. Among all these occurrences, birds (70 percent) and humans (22.5 percent) were the major blood sources. Sixteen (3.8 percent) of the insects were found to be positive for flagellates similar to Trypanosoma cruzi, and eight performed hematophagia on humans. CONCLUSIONS: The results show the need to increase the entomological surveillance in this region, given that the possibility of new cases of Chagas disease occurring through vector transmission was detected.

Study of sand fly fauna in an endemic area of American cutaneous leishmaniasis and canine visceral leishmaniasis in the municipality of Espírito Santo do Pinhal, São Paulo, Brazil

Canine American visceral leishmaniasis and American cutaneous leishmaniasis (ACL) cases have been recorded in Espírito Santo do Pinhal. The aim of this study was to gather knowledge of the sand fly community and its population ecology within the municipality. Captures were made weekly over a period of 15 months in the urban, periurban and rural areas of the municipality, using automatic light traps. A total of 5,562 sand flies were collected, comprising 17 species. The most abundant species were Nyssomyia whitmani and Pintomyia pessoai in the rural area, Lutzomyia longipalpis and Ny. whitmani in the periurban area and Lu. longipalpis in the urban area. The highest species richness and greatest index species diversity were found in the rural area. The similarity index showed that urban and periurban areas were most alike. Lu. longipalpis was found in great numbers during both dry and humid periods. The presence of dogs infected with Leishmania infantum chagasi in the urban area indicates a high risk for the establishment of the disease in the region. A high abundance of Ny. whitmani and Pi. pessoai in the rural and periurban areas indicates the possibility of new cases of ACL occurring in and spreading to the periurban area of Espírito Santo do Pinhal.

Memória espacial e/ou olfativa em flebotomíneos em área endêmica de leishmaniose tegumentar americana, sul do Brasil / Spatial and/or olfactory memory in sandflies in an endemic area for American cutaneous leishmaniasis, southern Brazil

Relata-se os resultados de uma investigação sobre a possibilidade da existência de memória em flebotomíneos em área endêmica de leishmaniose tegumentar americana, no Estado do Paraná. Capturaram-se flebotomíneos no Recanto Marista, Doutor Camargo, Estado do Paraná, Brasil, com armadilhas de Falcão, de 15/11/2007 a 26/11/2007, em dois galinheiros (G1 e G2). Foram capturados 2.080 flebotomíneos (1.000 em G1 e 1.080 em G2), que foram marcados e soltos. Nyssomyia neivai foi a espécie mais (90,5 por cento) freqüente. Do total solto, recapturaram-se 168 (8 por cento) flebotomíneos e a recaptura no G2 foi significativa. Os resultados evidenciam que é possível a existência de memória espacial, olfativa e/ou a fidelidade ao hospedeiro e que isto orientem os flebotomíneos no reconhecimento dos locais onde há disponibilidade de fontes de sangue.

The results from an investigation on the possibility that sandflies in an endemic area for American cutaneous leishmaniasis, in the state of Paraná, may have memory are reported. Sandflies were caught in Recanto Marista, Doutor Camargo, State of Paraná, Brazil, using Falcão traps in two chicken sheds (G1 and G2), between November 15 and 26, 2007. A total of 2,080 sandflies were caught (1,000 in G1 and 1,080 in G2) and these were marked and released. Nyssomyia neivai was the most (90.5 percent) frequent species. Out of the total released, 168 sandflies (8 percent) were recaptured and the recapture rate in G2 was significant. The results show that it is possible that spatial or olfactory memory and/or host loyalty exists, and that this will guide the sandflies in recognizing the places where sources of blood are available.

Ecological aspects of Rhodnius nasutus Stål, 1859 (Hemiptera: Reduviidae: Triatominae) in palms of the Chapada do Araripe in Ceará, Brazil

The aim of this work is to present aspects related to the ecology of Rhodnius nasutus Stål, 1859 in palms from Chapada do Araripe in Ceará, Brazil. The following five species of palms were investigated: babaçu (Attalea speciosa), buriti (Mauritia flexuosa), carnaúba (Copernicia prunifera), catolé (Syagrus oleracea) and macaúba-barriguda (Acrocomia intumescens). Fifth palms were dissected (10 specimens for each species). The overall infestation index was 86 percent, with a total of 521 triatomines collected. The Trypanosoma cruzi Chagas, 1909 Index was 16.8 percent and two insects presented mixed infection with Trypanosoma rangeli Tejera, 1920. A precipitin test showed that R. nasutus from palms of Chapada do Araripe are associated with opossum and bird although other possible bloodmeals were observed. Our results showing a high index of infestation of the palms as well as T. cruzi infection, the association of R. nasutus with the most diverse species of palms and proximity of these palms to houses demonstrate the importance of this area for sylvatic T. cruzi transmission and suggest the need for epidemiological surveillance in the region of the Chapada do Araripe.

Triatomíneos rupestres infectados por Trypanosomatidae, coletados em Quaraí, Rio Grande do Sul, 2003 / Rupestrian triatomines infected by Trypanosomatidae, collected in Quaraí, Rio Grande do Sul, 2003

Foram capturados triatomíneos rupestres em seis localidades do município de Quaraí-RS, com o intuito de verificar o índice de infeccão por Trypanosomatidae, bem como o animal reservatório. A captura ocorreu no ambiente silvestre, sendo coletados 453 exemplares, os quais foram identificados e separados por estádio ninfal. Coletaram-se 421 (92,9 por cento) exemplares de Triatoma rubrovaria, 26 (5,7 por cento) de Triatoma circummaculata e 6 (1,3 por cento) de Panstrongylus tupynambai. Dentre as três espécies coletadas, somente Triatoma rubrovaria mostrou-se positivo para Trypanosomatidae, num total de 13 (4,2 por cento) exemplares. Após a inoculacão em camundongos e meio de cultura LIT, isolaram-se cinco cepas de Trypanosoma cruzi. Dos triatomíneos infectados com Trypanosomatidae, 4 (30,8 por cento) tiveram a reacão de precipitina não reagente para os anti-soros testados, 4 (30,8 por cento) positivos para anti-soro de roedor, 4 (30,8 por cento) para anti-soro de cabra e 1 (7,7 por cento) para anti-soro de porco e humano.

Identification of sex pheromones of Lutzomyia longipalpis (Lutz & Neiva, 1912) populations from the state of São Paulo, Brazil

In Brazil, four populations of Lutzomyia longipalpis each producing different sex pheromones are recognised. It has been suggested that these chemotype populations represent true sibling species. In this study we present the results of an analysis, by coupled gas cromotography - mass spectrometry, of the pheromones of males L. longipalpis from two different municipalities of the state of São Paulo. Our study showed that L. longipalpis from these two municipalities produced different sex pheromones from each other. This coupled with the remarkable difference between the epidemiological situation in Araçatuba and Espírito Santo do Pinhal, suggests that the (S)-9-methylgermacrene-B and cembrene-1 populations may have different vectorial capacities.

Dispersal pattern of the sand fly Lutzomyia neivai (Diptera: Psychodidae) in a cutaneous leishmaniasis endemic rural area in Southeastern Brazil

The dispersal pattern of the sand fly Lutzomyia neivai was studied through mark-release-recapture experiments in an American cutaneous leishmaniasis endemic rural area in Southeastern Brazil. Over 6500 specimens were marked with fluorescent powder and released in forest edge and peridomicile habitats from August to November 1999, February and April 2000. Recapture attempts were made using Shannon and CDC traps up to eight successive nights after releases. A total of 493 (7.58 percent) specimens were recaptured. The number of recaptured males and females of L. neivai in CDC traps was not affected by the distance between the trap and the release points. Approximately 90 percent of males and females recaptured in CDC traps were caught up to 70 m from the release points. The maximum female flight range recorded was 128 m. The average flight range per day was less than 60 m for males and females. Of the flies released in forest edge, approximately 16 percent of the recaptured females were caught in Shannon traps in the peridomicile habitat. The results indicate that the movements of L. neivai are spatially focal and the possibility of dispersion from forest to peridomicile habitat may be an important way of contracting leishmaniasis in dwellings.

Contribución al estudio de la epidemiología de la enfermedad de Chagas en tres localidades de la zona sur del Perú / Contribution to the study of Chagas disease epidemiology in three southern Peru localities

OBJETIVOS: Investigar en humanos la presencia de anticuerpos IgG anti-Trypanosoma cruzi y los hábitos alimenticios de triatominos de las viviendas de 3 localidades de la provincia de Nasca, Perú. MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: Estudio de anticuerpos IgG anti-T. cruzi por medio de los métodos RIFI y ELISA en muestras de sangre de 867 habitantes (excluidos los menores de un año), en las localidades de Tulín, Vista Alegre y Changuillo, para evaluar el problema de la enfermedad de Chagas. Además se investigó las condiciones de 494 casas, se capturó 581 ejemplares de Triatoma infestans (411 ninfas y 170 adultos) y se examinó su contenido intestinal, para la identificación de sus hábitos alimenticios y búsqueda de T. cruzi. RESULTADOS: Se identificó anticuerpos IgG anti-T. cruzi en muestras de 128 personas (14,8 por ciento ), 89 (15,9 por ciento ) de sexo femenino y 39 (12,6 por ciento ) de sexo masculino. La reacción de precipitina en tubo capilar (8 antígenos) identificó en 401 insectos (69,0 por ciento ) sus fuentes de alimento, siendo las principales: aves 252 ( 43,4 por ciento ), roedores 36 (6,2 por ciento ), humano 23 (3,9 por ciento ) y perro (1,6 por ciento ). Una hembra de T. infestans se encontró infectada por T. cruzi. CONCLUSIONES: La prevalencia en humanos fue de 14,8 por ciento . En relación a los hábitos alimenticios, la ingesta de sangre humana se encontró en 3,9 por ciento de los triatominos, lo cual indica factor de riesgo para contraer la enfermedad de Chagas.

Phlebotominae (Diptera: Psychodidae) em área de transmissäo de leishmaniose tegumentar americana no litoral norte do Estado de Säo Paulo, Brasil / Phlebotominae (Diptera: Psychodidae) in area of transmission of american tegumentar leishmaniasis in the north coast of the State of Säo Paulo, Brazil

A regiäo do litoral norte do Estado de Säo Paulo registrou 14, 30 e 104 casos de leishmaniose tegumentar americana nos anos de 1993, 1994 e 1995 respectivamente. Com objetivo de caracterizar a fauna e a distribuiçäo sazonal e horária das espécies de flebotomíneos foram realizadas coletas quinzenais de formas adultas durante o período de dezembro de 1995 a novembro de 1996, utilizando-se armadilhas luminosas do tipo CDC, no interior da residência, no peridomicílio e na mata durante 12 horas a partir do crepúsculo vespertino. No peridomicílio foi utilizada, durante 6 horas também a partir do crepúsculo vespertino, armadilha de Shannon instalada a 100 metros da casa. A cada 3 meses esta armadilha foi utilizada durante 12 horas. Foram observadas flutuaçöes das densidades populacionais, bem como as ocorrências intra e extradomiciliar das espécies predominantes. Lutzomyia intermedia foi a espécie mais abundante nas diferentes armadilhas utilizadas e nos ambientes investigados

Triatoma infestans em área sob vigilância entomológica para doença de Chagas, Estado de Säo Paulo, Brasil / Triatoma infestans in area under entomological surveillance for Chagas'diseases in Säo Paulo State, Brazil

Atendendo a notificação de encontro, por habitantes da Fazenda Paraíso, área rural do Município de Paulínea, Estado de São Paulo, de um exemplar alado de triatomíneo, procedeu-se a uma investigaçao epidemiológica em que capturaram-se 109 exemplares de triatoma infestans em focos situados em construçoes peridomiciliares. As condiçóes locais favoreciam a colonizaçao por triatomíneos: grande número de construçoes peridomiciliares abandonadas, habitadas por pombos e pardais, fornecedores de farto alimento para os hemípteros. Eliminaram-se os focos por meio de controle mecânico dos ninhos dos pássaros. Borrifaram-se, com inseticida de ação residual todas as unidades domiciliares da regiao. Desde que persistam as condições para a instalacao de focos de triatomíneos nessa localidade, é obrigatória a implementaçao de açoes de vigilancia. Entretanto, os indicadores entomológicos e sorológicos sugerem nao ser preocupante a situaçao atual. Destaca-se aqui a importância da notificação triatomínica para a detecçao de focos de triatomíneos, particularmente os de Triatoma infestans

A soil emergence trap for collections of phlebotomine sand flies

The identification of breeding sites of sand flies is of great epidemiological interest. A soil emergence trap for investigating potential sand fly breeding sites is described. The trap was tested in two rural areas in the Mogi Guaçu River Valley where the American cutaneous leishmaniasis is an endemic disease. Seventy-three sand fly individuals of three species, Lutzomyia intermedia s. l., L. whitmani and L. pessoai, were collected on the forest floor and peridomicile